catalogue
1, Overview of GUI user interface programming:
2, Common GUI libraries include Tkinter, wxpthon, PyQT
1. Common methods: mainloop() main event loop execution
4. Component properties: each component has its own properties and methods
1, Overview of GUI user interface programming:
- GUI - graphical user interface programming, also known as graphical user interface
- GUI programming is similar to "building blocks", putting components (widget s) into the window.
- There are various components in the window, such as buttons, menus, editing area... And it becomes a complete program by adding "event handling".
- People do not need to memorize and input cumbersome commands, but can operate the interface directly through the mouse or keyboard.
2, Common GUI libraries include Tkinter, wxpthon, PyQT
#Tkinter Library
- It is a python standard GUI library, which supports cross platform GUI program development. At the same time, it is suitable for small GUI program programming
- Lack of appropriate visual interface design tools
- You need to write code to complete the layout and design of the window
1. Common methods: mainloop() main event loop execution
2. Execution steps:
- Import Tkinter module: from Tkinter import * or} import Tkinter
- Main window for creating GUI application: TK = Tkinter Tk()
- Add various components
- Each event response is triggered by the user entering the main event loop
3. Common components
| assembly | Chinese name | Specific description |
|---|---|---|
| Canvas | canvas | It provides drawing function, which can include graphics or bitmap to realize customized window components |
| Button | Button | It has mouse skimming, pressing, releasing and keyboard operation events |
| Label | label | Display text or pictures |
| Entry | Text box | Single line text area to collect keyboard input |
| Text | Text field | Multiline text area to collect or display text entered by users |
| CheckButton | Checkbox | A group of boxes that can select multiple items |
| Radiobutton | Radio | A group of buttons. Only one item can be selected |
| Menu | menu | Click the menu to pop up an option list for users to select |
| Menubutton | Menu button | Including drop-down and cascade |
| Listbox | list box | A list of options from which the user can select |
| Scale | progress bar | The start value and end value can be set, and the accurate value of the current position can be displayed |
| Scrollbar | scroll bar | Provide scrolling function for its supported components (canvas, text box, text field, list box) |
| Frame | frame | Pure containers containing other components |
| Toplevel | Top level container | Similar to the framework, but provides a separate window container |
4. Component properties: each component has its own properties and methods
Layout manager:
- pack(): wrap the component into a parent component, and then create a layout
- gird(): create a table like layout by organizing window components through a two-dimensional grid
- place(): explicitly put a window component in the specified position
Some common properties:
- Dimensions: length, width
- Colors: colors
- Fonts: fonts
- Anchors: defines the relative position of the text
- Relief styles: styles of components
- Bitmaps: bitmaps
- Cursors: cursors
5. Canvas components
- A rectangular container in which graphics, text, components, or frames can be placed
- Create canvas: canvas = Canvas(master,options=value,...)
- Parameter master: represents the parent window
- Parameter options: sets the properties of the canvas
- You can create and draw various graphics on the canvas
-
Common properties Specific description bd The width of the border, in pixels. The default is 2
bg background color confine When the default value is ture, the canvas has no scroll bar cursor The shape of the cursor in the canvas, arrow, circle, dot height height width width fill Fill color -
common method Specific description create_arc() Create arcs, chords, pie slices, simple arcs create_image() Create an image, bitmap image or an instance of a photo image class create_line() Create a line create_oval() Draw a circle or ellipse on the specified coordinates create_polygon() Draw a polygon (more than 3 vertices) create_rectangle() Draw a rectangle
#Draw a square on the canvas from tkinter import * #Import ktinter module tk = Tk() #Create tkinter object canvas = Canvas(tk,width=400,height=400) #tk is the parent window and sets the length and width of the canvas canvas.pack() #Layout manager canvas.create_rectangle(50,50,100,100) #Set the top left vertex coordinates and the bottom right vertex coordinates tk.mainloop() #Main event loop execution
#Draw a colored rectangle on the canvas
from tkinter import * #Import ktinter module
tk = Tk() #Create tkinter object
canvas = Canvas(tk,width=400,height=400) #tk is the parent window and sets the length and width of the canvas
canvas.pack() #Layout manager
p1 = 10,50 #Set the vertex coordinates in advance and save them in the p1 variable
p2 = 300,100 #Set the vertex coordinates in advance and save them in p2 variable
canvas.create_rectangle(p1,p2,fill='yellow') #The top left vertex is p1 and the bottom right vertex is p2
#Fill sets the graphic fill color to yellow
tk.mainloop() #Main event loop execution
#In this way, setting coordinates can be called repeatedly without rewriting#Draw a triangle on the canvas
from tkinter import * #Import ktinter module
tk = Tk() #Create tkinter object
canvas = Canvas(tk,width=400,height=400)#tk is the parent window and sets the length and width of the canvas
canvas.pack() #Layout manager
p1 = 100,50 #Set the vertex coordinates in advance and save them in the p1 variable
p2 = 150,100 #Set the vertex coordinates in advance and save them in p2 variable
p3 = 50,100 #Set the vertex coordinates in advance and save them in p3 variable
canvas.create_polygon(p1,p2,p3,fill='yellow',outline='red')
#The coordinates of the three vertices of the triangle are P1, P2 and P3
#Set the graphics fill color to yellow and the border color to red
tk.mainloop() #Main event loop execution#Draw a polygon on the canvas
from tkinter import * #Import ktinter module
tk = Tk() #Create tkinter object
canvas = Canvas(tk,width=400,height=400)#tk is the parent window and sets the length and width of the canvas
canvas.pack() #Layout manager
p1 = 20,50 #Set the vertex coordinates in advance and save them in p1 variable
p2 = 150,100 #Set the vertex coordinates in advance and save them in the p2 variable
p3 = 200,100 #Set the vertex coordinates in advance and save them in p3 variable
p4 = 100,300 #Set the vertex coordinates in advance and save them in p3 variable
canvas.create_polygon(p1,p2,p3,p4,fill='blue',outline='red')
#The coordinates of the four vertices of the polygon are p1,p2,p3 and p4
#Set the drawing fill color to blue and the border color to red
tk.mainloop() #Main event loop execution#Show text on canvas
from tkinter import * #Import ktinter module
tk = Tk() #Create tkinter object
canvas = Canvas(tk,width=400,height=400)#tk is the parent window and sets the length and width of the canvas
canvas.pack() #Layout manager
canvas.create_text(200,100,text='This is a test of canvas function',font=('Courier',12),fill='red')
#200 and 100 are the display positions of text
#Textparameter enter the displayed text
#The font parameter sets the font and size, and the fill parameter sets the fill color to red
tk.mainloop() #Main event loop execution#Draw various shapes on the canvas #Let's take a look at create first_ Some setting parameters of arc() #star parameter, which specifies the starting angle #The EXT parameter specifies the offset of the angle #Style parameter to specify the style from tkinter import * #Import ktinter module tk = Tk() #Create tkinter object canvas = Canvas(tk,width=600,height=600)#tk is the parent window and sets the length and width of the canvas canvas.pack() #Layout manager p1 = 10,10,200,80 #Set the coordinates of the upper left and lower right corners p2 = 10,80,200,160 #Set the coordinates of the upper left and lower right corners p3 = 10,160,200,240 #Set the coordinates of the upper left and lower right corners p4 = 10,240,200,320 #Set the coordinates of the upper left and lower right corners p5 = 10,320,200,400 #Set the coordinates of the upper left and lower right corners canvas.create_arc(p1,star=0,extent=45,style=ARC) #Draw an arc with a 45 degree offset and the style is arc canvas.create_arc(p2,star=0,extent=90,style=ARC) #Draw an arc with a 90 degree offset and the style is arc canvas.create_arc(p3,star=0,extent=180,style=ARC) #Draw an arc with an offset of 180 degrees. The style is arc canvas.create_arc(p4,star=0,extent=359,style=ARC) #Draw an arc with an offset of 359 degrees. The style is arc canvas.create_arc(p5,star=0,extent=150,fill='blue')#Draw a sector with a 150 degree offset and a fill color of blue tk.mainloop() #Main event loop execution
#Move triangle horizontally
from tkinter import * #Import ktinter module
import time #Import time module
tk = Tk() #Create tkinter object
canvas = Canvas(tk,width=800,height=800)#tk is the parent window and sets the length and width of the canvas
canvas.pack() #Layout manager
p1 = 100,50 #Set the vertex coordinates in advance and save them in p1 variable
p2 = 150,100 #Set the vertex coordinates in advance and save them in p2 variable
p3 = 50,100 #Set the vertex coordinates in advance and save them in p3 variable
canvas.create_polygon(p1,p2,p3,fill='yellow',outline='red')
#The coordinates of the three vertices of the triangle are P1, P2 and P3
#Set the graphics fill color to yellow and the border color to red
#Code for moving triangles
for i in range(0,60): #60 times from 0 to 59, move the triangle every 0.05 seconds
canvas.move(1,5,0) # 1 represents a triangle, moving 5 pixels horizontally and 0 pixels vertically
tk.update() #Force the screen to update, constantly refresh the screen, so that we can see the graphics moving
time.sleep(1) #Rest for 0.05 seconds before continuing the procedure
tk.mainloop() #Main event loop execution#To be continued.....