preface

What is a Linux Shell

Linux Shell is the interface program between users and Linux kernel, which provides users with an excuse to use the operating system. When a command is passed to the Linux kernel, it will respond.

Shell is a user program, or an environment provided for user and system interaction.

It is a language interpreter that executes the commands read from the standard input device. It has its own built-in Shell command set, and the Shell can also be called by other commands in the system.

The Shell runs when you log in or open the console.

Shell is not part of the system kernel, but it can use the kernel system to execute commands, create files, and so on.

Linux Shell itself is an interpretative programming language.

Using Linux shell is the basic work of some programmers every day, but we often forget some useful shell commands and skills. Of course, I can remember the command, but I can't say I can remember how to use it to perform a specific task. It should be noted that some uses require additional software to be installed in your Linux system. I won't say much now. Let's take a look at the details.

Check whether the remote port is open to bash:

echo >/dev/tcp/8.8.8.8/53 && echo "open"

Put the process in the background:

Ctrl + z

Generates a random hexadecimal number, where n is the number of characters:

openssl rand -hex n

Execute the command in a file in the current shell:

source /home/user/file.name

Intercept the first 5 characters:

${variable:0:5}

SSH debug mode:

ssh -vvv user@ip_address

SSH with pem key:

ssh user@ip_address -i key.pem

Grab the complete website directory structure with wget and store it in the local directory:

wget -r --no-parent --reject "index.html*" http://hostname/ -P /home/user/dirs

Create multiple directories at once:

mkdir -p /home/user/{test,test1,test2}

List the process tree including child processes:

ps axwef

To create a war file:

jar -cvf name.war file

Test hard disk write speed:

dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/output.img bs=8k count=256k; rm -rf /tmp/output.img

Test hard disk read speed:

hdparm -Tt /dev/sda

Get md5 hash of text:

echo -n "text" | md5sum

Check xml format:

xmllint --noout file.xml

Set tar GZ extract to new directory:

tar zxvf package.tar.gz -C new_dir

Get HTTP header information using curl:

curl -I http://www.example.com

Modify the timestamp of the file or directory (YYMMDDhhmm):

touch -t 0712250000 file

Execute ftp download with wget command:

wget -m ftp://username:password@hostname

Generate random password (16 characters in the example):

LANG=c < /dev/urandom tr -dc _A-Z-a-z-0-9 | head -c${1:-16};echo;

Quick backup of a file:

cp some_file_name{,.bkp}

To access the Windows shared directory:

smbclient -U "DOMAIN\user" //dc.domain.com/share/test/dir

Execute the command in the history (here is line 100):

!100

Decompression:

unzip package_name.zip -d dir_name

Enter multiline text (CTRL + d exit):

cat > test.txt

Create an empty file or empty an existing file:

\> test.txt

Synchronization time with Ubuntu NTP server:

ntpdate ntp.ubuntu.com

Display all tcp4 listening ports with netstat:

netstat -lnt4 | awk '{print $4}' | cut -f2 -d: | grep -o '[0-9]*'

qcow2 image file conversion:

qemu-img convert -f qcow2 -O raw precise-server-cloudimg-amd64-disk1.img \precise-server-cloudimg-amd64-disk1.raw

Run the file repeatedly and display its output (once every 2 seconds by default):

watch ps -ef

List of all users:

getent passwd

Mount root in read/write mode:

mount -o remount,rw /

Mount a directory (this is the case where links cannot be used):

mount --bind /source /destination

Dynamically update DNS server:

nsupdate < <EOF update add $HOST 86400 A $IP send EOF

Recursive grep all directories:

grep -r "some_text" /path/to/dir

List the top 10 largest files:

lsof / | awk '{ if($7 > 1048576) print $7/1048576 "MB "$9 }' | sort -n -u | tail

Show remaining memory (MB):

free -m | grep cache | awk '/[0-9]/{ print $4" MB" }'

Open Vim and skip to the end of the file:

vim + some_file_name

Git clone specified branch (master):

git clone git@github.com:name/app.git -b master

Git switch to other branches (develop):

git checkout develop

Git delete branch (myfeature):

git clone git@github.com:name/app.git -b master

Git switch to other branches (develop):

git checkout develop

Git delete branch (myfeature):

git branch -d myfeature

Git Delete remote branch

git push origin :branchName

Git pushes the new branch to the remote server:

git push -u origin mynewfeature

Last cat command in print history:

!cat:p

The last cat command in the running history:

!cat

Find all empty subdirectories under / home/user:

find /home/user -maxdepth 1 -type d -empty

Get test Lines 50-60 in TXT file:

< test.txt sed -n '50,60p'

Run the last command (if the last command is mkdir /root/test, the following will run: sudo mkdir /root/test):

sudo !!

Create temporary RAM file system – ramdisk (create / tmpram directory first):

mount -t tmpfs tmpfs /tmpram -o size=512m

Grep whole words:

grep -w "name" test.txt

Add text to a file when the permission needs to be upgraded:

echo "some text" | sudo tee -a /path/file

List all kill signal parameters:

kill -l

Prohibit recording the last session in bash history:

kill -9 $$

Scan the network for open ports:

nmap -p 8081 172.20.0.0/16

Set git email:

git config --globaluser.email "me@example.com" 

To sync with master if you have unpublished commits:

git pull --rebase origin master

Move all files with "txt" in the file name to the / home/user directory:

find -iname "*txt*" -exec mv -v {} /home/user \;

Display files side by side by line:

paste test.txt test1.txt

Progress bar in shell:

pv data.log

Send data to Graphite server using netcat:

echo "hosts.sampleHost 10 `date +%s`" | nc 192.168.200.2 3000

Convert tabs to spaces:

expand test.txt > test1.txt

Skip bash history:

< space >cmd

Go to the previous working directory:

cd -

Split a large volume of tar GZ files (100MB each), and then merge back:

split –b 100m /path/to/large/archive /path/to/output/files cat files* > archive

Use curl to get HTTP status code:

curl -sL -w "%{http_code}\\n" www.example.com -o /dev/null

Set the root password to strengthen MySQL security installation:

/usr/bin/mysql_secure_installation

When Ctrl + c doesn't work:

Ctrl + \

Get file owner:

stat -c %U file.txt

block device list:

lsblk -f

Find files with spaces at the end of the file name:

find . -type f -exec egrep -l " +$" {} \;

Find the file with tab indent in the file name

find . -type f -exec egrep -l $'\t' {} \;

Print a horizontal line with "=": select all, copy and put it into the notes

printf '%100s\n' | tr ' ' =

These are the details of common shell commands

last

I have collected and sorted out some materials. These materials should be the most comprehensive and complete war preparation warehouse for my friends of [software testing]. This warehouse has also accompanied me through the most difficult journey. I hope it can also help you.

WeChat official account: Software Test dao free
For more software testing resources, please add software testing technology exchange group: 1033482984

Don't just be a person who never stops collecting and never starts taking action. You can't learn from yourself when you do a lot of things. If you can think a little more and look at the experience and practices of others, you will grow faster and have better results! Come on, tester! The road is at your feet, and success is tomorrow!