GO: Microsoft's VC compiler fills the uninitialized stack space with hexadecimal 0xCC, while the uninitialized heap space is filled with 0xCD, and 0xCCCC and 0xCDCD correspond to the words "hot" and "Tun" in Chinese GB2312 code
catalogue
Basic type
string int,int8,int16,int32,int64 uint,uint8,uint16,uint32,uint64,uintptr Byte / / alias of uint8 The alias of rune // int32 represents a Unicode code float32,float64 complex64,complex128 When a variable is declared, the system automatically gives it a zero value of this type: int is 0, float is 0.0, bool is false, string is an empty string, pointer is nil, etc. All memory is initialized in Go,
Like the var declaration statement, the short variable declaration statement can also be used to declare and initialize a set of variables:
i, j := 0, 1
Standard format for variable initialization
var variable name type = expression: var hp int = 100
Omitted: var hp = 100
Note: in multiple short variable declarations and assignments, at least one newly declared variable appears in the lvalue. Even if other variable names may be declared repeatedly, the compiler will not report an error. The code is as follows:
conn, err := net.Dial("tcp", "127.0.0.1:8080")
conn2, err := net.Dial("tcp", "127.0.0.1:8080")Character types: byte and run
There are two characters in Go language:
- One is uint8 type, or byte type, which represents a character of ASCII code.
- The other is the rune type, which represents a UTF-8 character. When you need to process Chinese, Japanese or other composite characters, you need to use the rune type. The run type is equivalent to the int32 type.
—— Byte type is the alias of uint8. For traditional ASCII coded characters that only occupy 1 byte, there is no problem at all. For example, var ch byte = 'A', the characters are enclosed in single quotes. In the ASCII code table, the value of A is 65, and the hexadecimal representation is 41, so the following writing method is equivalent:
var ch byte = 'A' var ch byte = 65 var ch byte = '\x41' //(\ x is always followed by a hexadecimal number of length 2)
—— The Go language also supports Unicode (UTF-8), so characters are also called Unicode code points or runes, and are represented by ints in memory. In documents, the format U+hhhh is generally used, where h represents a hexadecimal number. When writing Unicode characters, you need to prefix the hexadecimal number with \ u or \ U. Because Unicode takes at least 2 bytes, we use int16 or int type. If you need to use up to 4 bytes, use the \ u prefix. If you need to use up to 8 bytes, use the \ u prefix.
var ch int = '\u0041'
var ch2 int = '\u03B2'
var ch3 int = '\U00101234'
fmt.Printf("%d - %d - %d\n", ch, ch2, ch3) // integer
// Output: 65 - 946 - 1053236 [hex to decimal (% d)]
fmt.Printf("%c - %c - %c\n", ch, ch2, ch3) // character
// Output: A- β - r [character (% c)]
fmt.Printf("%X - %X - %X\n", ch, ch2, ch3) // UTF-8 bytes
// Output: 41 - 3B2 - 101234 [hex (% X)]
fmt.Printf("%U - %U - %U", ch, ch2, ch3) // UTF-8 code point
// Output: U + 0041 - U + 03b2 - U + 101234 [U + X (% U)]What is the difference between UTF-8 and Unicode?
Unicode, like ASCII, is a character set.
The character set assigns a unique ID to each character. All characters we use have a unique ID in the Unicode character set. For example, the encoding of a in Unicode and ASCII in the above example is 97. The code of the Chinese character "you" in Unicode is 20320, and the corresponding ID of the character will be different in the character sets of different countries. In any case, the ID of characters in Unicode will not change.
UTF-8 is an encoding rule that encodes the ID of characters in Unicode in some way. UTF-8 is a variable length encoding rule, ranging from 1 to 4 bytes. The coding rules are as follows:
- 0xxxxxx represents text symbols 0 ~ 127, which is compatible with ASCII character set.
- From 128 to 0x10ffff indicates other characters.
According to this rule, the character coding of Latin language family generally occupies one byte per character, while Chinese occupies three bytes per character.
Unicode in a broad sense refers to a standard, which defines the character set and coding rules, that is, Unicode character set and UTF-8, UTF-16 coding, etc.
GO pointer
1. Both structure variable and structure pointer can access member (Type.pam) with subscript, and Go will automatically identify its type
func (p *Ptr_test)modify_number_1() //When called, it will affect the state of the variable itself func (p Ptr_test)modify_number_2() //Calling does not affect the state of the variable itself
2. Function parameter transfer is value transfer, that is, the parameters in the function are copies of the transferred parameters
func (p *Ptr_test)modify_ptr(ph *Ptr_test){
p = ph //Does not change the value of the object to which p refers
*p = *ph //Will change the value of the object indicated by P
}3. The difference between make and new: make is used to create slices (variable arrays), map s and channels (queues). It refers to a memory that has been initialized and can be used directly; However, new creates a pointer to the corresponding type. The memory pointed to by the pointer can only be used after initialization. (make is a reference and new is a pointer. If you need to create a pointer with make, you can directly set the type as a pointer)
-make
slice := make([]Ptr_test, 1) // At this time, slice[0] can be accessed, and its members are all initial values. The subsequent use of append will start from 1
slice = append(slice,pam_1)
hash := make(map[int]Ptr_test, 10)
hash["kaka"] = pam_1
ch := make(chan Ptr_test, 5) // The capacity is 5 (must be specified), overflow exceeds 5, and the length is the actual stored variable size of the current channel
ch2 := make(chan interface{}, 5) //Specify any type
ch <- pam1
ch <- pam2 // Put in channel
pam3 := <- ch // ch first in first out principle. At this time, pam3 is the copy of pam1
<- ch // After execution, ch is empty and its length becomes 0 ——New: you rarely need to use new unless you really like the word.
// section
slice_a := new([]Ptr_test) // Available after initialization
*slice_a = append(*slice_a, a_pam1) //Initialization, (* slice_a)[0].name access member
//Hashtable
hash_a := new(map[string]Ptr_test)
//map needs to be initialized before it can be used
*hash_a = map[string]Ptr_test{} //Type 1
*hash_a = make(map[string]Ptr_test, 0) //Type 2
(*hash_a)["kaka"] = a_pam1
fmt.Printf("hash: %s ",(*hash_a)["kaka"].name)character string
1 - string length
- Ascii string length uses the len() function to represent the number of ASCII characters or byte length of the string.
- Unicode string length uses the utf8.RuneCountInString() function.
str_name := "Kaka kaka" n1 := len(str_name) //The length is 11, go using UTF-8 encoding, 3 bytes for one Chinese. n2 := utf8.RuneCountInString(str_name) // Length 6
2-string traversal
- ASCII string traversal uses subscripts directly.
- for range is used for Unicode string traversal, and character by character traversal will appear
theme := "Sniper start"
for _, s := range theme {
fmt.Printf("Unicode: %c %d\n", s, s)
}Unicode: Sniper twenty-nine thousand four hundred and one
Unicode: hit twenty thousand nine hundred and eighty-seven
Unicode: 32
Unicode: s 115
Unicode: t 116
Unicode: a 97
Unicode: r 114
Unicode: t 116
3- String interception
tracer := "Final Destination, death bye bye" comma := strings.Index(tracer, ", ") pos := strings.Index(tracer[comma:], "death") fmt.Println(comma, pos, tracer[comma+pos:]) // strings.Index: forward search substring. // strings.LastIndex: reverse search for substrings. // The starting position of the search can be made by slice offset.
—— The comma position is 12, while POS is the relative position, with a value of 3. In order to obtain the position of the second "God of death", that is, the string after the comma, we must add the relative offset of POS to comma to calculate the offset of 15, and then calculate the final substring through slice tracer[comma+pos:] to obtain the final result: "God of death bye bye".
4 - modify string
angel := "Heros never die"
angleBytes := []byte(angel) // In line 3, convert the string to an array of strings. byte = uint8
for i := 5; i <= 10; i++ {
angleBytes[i] = ' ' // Replace the word never with a space.
}
fmt.Println(string(angleBytes)) // Heros die- The string of Go language is immutable.
- When modifying a string, you can convert the string to [] byte for modification.
- [] byte and string can be cast to each other.
5-String splicing
hammer := "kaka" sickle := "molaiwei" // Declare byte buffer var stringBuilder bytes.Buffer // Write string to buffer stringBuilder.WriteString(hammer) stringBuilder.WriteString(sickle) // Output buffer as string fmt.Println(stringBuilder.String())
6 - formatted output: fmt.Printf()
| Move Words | Merit can |
|---|---|
| %v | Output by original value of value |
| %+v | At% v On this basis, expand the structure field name and value |
| %#v | Output values in Go language syntax format |
| %T | Type and value of output Go language syntax format |
| %% | Output% noumenon |
| %b | Integers are displayed in binary |
| %o | Integers are displayed in octal |
| %d | Integers are displayed in decimal |
| %x | Integers are displayed in hexadecimal |
| %X | Integers are displayed in hexadecimal and capital letters |
| %U | Unicode character |
| %f | Floating point number |
| %p | Pointer, hexadecimal display |