1, Background
As we all know, the root user has the supreme power in the linux system and does whatever he wants. So of course, you can't just give people a home root account to do things. Here's the idea of installing and using python by ordinary users. Let's have a look.
2, Preliminary preparation
Update the source and install the corresponding updates
sudo apt-get install upgrade && apt-get install update
Install related compilation AIDS
sudo apt-get install make build-essential zlib1g-dev -y
-y means you don't need to confirm. Tell ubuntu you can just install it for me
Source package download
Identify this website, https://www.python.org/downloads/source/ Of course, if you watch carefully, isn't it faster to visit here directly? https://www.python.org/ftp/python/
3, Installation (take 3.8.1 as an example)
Download the corresponding Python source code package. Here we use wget in one step
wget https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.8.1/Python-3.8.1.tgz
Unzip the downloaded Python source package
tar -zxvf Python-3.8.1.tgz
Here, for the convenience of management, we create a new software in the current user's home directory, indicating the software we want to install. In one step, we will define the target folder for installing python
mkdir -p /home/ataola/software/python3.8
Enter the extracted source directory for compilation and installation
cd Python-3.8.1 ./configure --prefix="/home/ataola/software/python3.8" make && make install
Append to current user environment variable
# Open file vim ~/.bashrc # Paste the sentence downstairs as the case may be export PATH=PATH/software/python3.8/bin:$PATH # Save exit press RSC and enter: wq # Update to make it effective source ~/.bashrc
Check it out
ataola@ataola-ubuntu:~$ python3 -V Python 3.8.1 ataola@ataola-ubuntu:~$ pip3 -V pip 19.2.3 from /home/ataola/software/python3.8/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pip (python 3.8) ataola@ataola-ubuntu:~$ python -V Python 3.8.1 ataola@ataola-ubuntu:~$ pip -V Command 'pip' not found, but can be installed with: apt install python3-pip Please ask your administrator. ataola@ataola-ubuntu:~$
Here you will find that you have to enter pip3 every time. It's useless to enter pip. You just need to add an alias to the environment variable
# Open file vim ~/.bashrc # Post the following words, depending on your personal configuration alias pip=/home/ataola/software/python3.8/bin/pip3.8 # Save exit press RSC and enter: wq # Update to make it effective source ~/.bashrc
That's good
ataola@ataola-ubuntu:~$ python -V Python 3.8.1 ataola@ataola-ubuntu:~$ python3 -V Python 3.8.1 ataola@ataola-ubuntu:~$ pip -V pip 19.2.3 from /home/ataola/software/python3.8/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pip (python 3.8) ataola@ataola-ubuntu:~$ pip3 -V pip 19.2.3 from /home/ataola/software/python3.8/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pip (python 3.8) ataola@ataola-ubuntu:~$
I'm not happy. Step by step upstairs. I posted one here bashrc, you just watch it change
# ~/.bashrc: executed by bash(1) for non-login shells.
# see /usr/share/doc/bash/examples/startup-files (in the package bash-doc)
# for examples
# If not running interactively, don't do anything
[ -z "$PS1" ] && return
# don't put duplicate lines in the history. See bash(1) for more options
# ... or force ignoredups and ignorespace
HISTCONTROL=ignoredups:ignorespace
# append to the history file, don't overwrite it
shopt -s histappend
# for setting history length see HISTSIZE and HISTFILESIZE in bash(1)
HISTSIZE=1000
HISTFILESIZE=10000
# check the window size after each command and, if necessary,
# update the values of LINES and COLUMNS.
shopt -s checkwinsize
# make less more friendly for non-text input files, see lesspipe(1)
[ -x /usr/bin/lesspipe ] && eval "$(SHELL=/bin/sh lesspipe)"
# set variable identifying the chroot you work in (used in the prompt below)
if [ -z "$debian_chroot" ] && [ -r /etc/debian_chroot ]; then
debian_chroot=$(cat /etc/debian_chroot)
fi
# set a fancy prompt (non-color, unless we know we "want" color)
case "$TERM" in
xterm-color) color_prompt=yes;;
esac
# uncomment for a colored prompt, if the terminal has the capability; turned
# off by default to not distract the user: the focus in a terminal window
# should be on the output of commands, not on the prompt
#force_color_prompt=yes
if [ -n "$force_color_prompt" ]; then
if [ -x /usr/bin/tput ] && tput setaf 1 >&/dev/null; then
# We have color support; assume it's compliant with Ecma-48
# (ISO/IEC-6429). (Lack of such support is extremely rare, and such
# a case would tend to support setf rather than setaf.)
color_prompt=yes
else
color_prompt=
fi
fi
if [ "$color_prompt" = yes ]; then
PS1='${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\[\033[01;32m\]\u@\h\[\033[00m\]:\[\033[01;34m\]\w\[\033[00m\]\$ '
else
PS1='${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\u@\h:\w\$ '
fi
unset color_prompt force_color_prompt
# If this is an xterm set the title to user@host:dir
case "$TERM" in
xterm*|rxvt*)
PS1="\[\e]0;${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\u@\h: \w\a\]$PS1"
;;
*)
;;
esac
# enable color support of ls and also add handy aliases
if [ -x /usr/bin/dircolors ]; then
test -r ~/.dircolors && eval "$(dircolors -b ~/.dircolors)" || eval "$(dircolors -b)"
alias ls='ls --color=auto'
#alias dir='dir --color=auto'
#alias vdir='vdir --color=auto'
alias grep='grep --color=auto'
alias fgrep='fgrep --color=auto'
alias egrep='egrep --color=auto'
fi
# some more ls aliases
alias ll='ls -alF'
alias la='ls -A'
alias l='ls -CF'
# Alias definitions.
# You may want to put all your additions into a separate file like
# ~/.bash_aliases, instead of adding them here directly.
# See /usr/share/doc/bash-doc/examples in the bash-doc package.
if [ -f ~/.bash_aliases ]; then
. ~/.bash_aliases
fi
# enable programmable completion features (you don't need to enable
# this, if it's already enabled in /etc/bash.bashrc and /etc/profile
# sources /etc/bash.bashrc).
#if [ -f /etc/bash_completion ] && ! shopt -oq posix; then
# . /etc/bash_completion
#fiAfter that, this is the domestic environment. The first thing I think of is to change the source. Otherwise, I will wait half dead every time and waste my time. Choose any one of Ali, Douban and Tsinghua source.
# Upgrade pip pip install --upgrade pip # without. pip file creation, if any, will be skipped mkdir ~/.pip # Edit profile vim ~/.pip/pip.conf
Paste the following
[global] index-url=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple [install] trusted-host=mirrors.aliyun.com
Note that http is used here, because -- with SSL was not selected at the beginning of compilation. Of course, you can recompile with this SSL/ Configure -- prefix = "/ home / ataola / software / Python 3.8" -- enable optimizations -- with SSL, https can be used later
Try the installation speed and take off
ataola@ataola-ubuntu:~$ pip install wordcloud
Looking in indexes: http://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple
Collecting wordcloud
Downloading http://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/packages/50/5b/f588bbd1a7805a742e8d8316740383822b160c4e36b6c14793b57ebe7360/wordcloud-1.8.1-cp38-cp38-manylinux1_x86_64.whl (371 kB)
|████████████████████████████████| 371 kB 3.2 MB/s
Collecting matplotlib
Downloading http://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/packages/22/1c/d5e535b36c1de4eef4205656e76ac993c6d01b62cfdcac579edb63cd82e0/matplotlib-3.5.1-cp38-cp38-manylinux_2_5_x86_64.manylinux1_x86_64.whl (11.3 MB)
|████████████████████████████████| 11.3 MB 129 kB/s
Requirement already satisfied: numpy>=1.6.1 in ./software/python3.8/lib/python3.8/site-packages (from wordcloud) (1.21.4)
Collecting pillow
Downloading http://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/packages/fe/f9/cd8b11ec15e27581c5e7affdf04d618d44fa9524dbeb429e5e728df6dc4c/Pillow-8.4.0-cp38-cp38-manylinux_2_17_x86_64.manylinux2014_x86_64.whl (3.1 MB)
|████████████████████████████████| 3.1 MB 47.9 MB/s
Requirement already satisfied: python-dateutil>=2.7 in ./software/python3.8/lib/python3.8/site-packages (from matplotlib->wordcloud) (2.8.2)
Collecting packaging>=20.0
Downloading http://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/packages/05/8e/8de486cbd03baba4deef4142bd643a3e7bbe954a784dc1bb17142572d127/packaging-21.3-py3-none-any.whl (40 kB)
|████████████████████████████████| 40 kB 8.1 MB/s
Collecting cycler>=0.10
Downloading http://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/packages/5c/f9/695d6bedebd747e5eb0fe8fad57b72fdf25411273a39791cde838d5a8f51/cycler-0.11.0-py3-none-any.whl (6.4 kB)
Collecting fonttools>=4.22.0
Downloading http://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/packages/7d/05/5c446faf632f1a9c386bd9a56555cbcbe6c71e6b523025a4fbde396e9d39/fonttools-4.28.3-py3-none-any.whl (884 kB)
|████████████████████████████████| 884 kB 50.6 MB/s
Collecting kiwisolver>=1.0.1
Downloading http://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/packages/d0/2c/c3cba6c1ec54c82bfc56204c712dd2e9b069e2590f78a18841dafbdf2ced/kiwisolver-1.3.2-cp38-cp38-manylinux_2_5_x86_64.manylinux1_x86_64.whl (1.2 MB)
|████████████████████████████████| 1.2 MB 47.2 MB/s
Collecting pyparsing>=2.2.1
Downloading http://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/packages/a0/34/895006117f6fce0b4de045c87e154ee4a20c68ec0a4c9a36d900888fb6bc/pyparsing-3.0.6-py3-none-any.whl (97 kB)
|████████████████████████████████| 97 kB 10.9 MB/s
Requirement already satisfied: six>=1.5 in ./software/python3.8/lib/python3.8/site-packages (from python-dateutil>=2.7->matplotlib->wordcloud) (1.16.0)
Installing collected packages: pyparsing, pillow, packaging, kiwisolver, fonttools, cycler, matplotlib, wordcloud
Successfully installed cycler-0.11.0 fonttools-4.28.3 kiwisolver-1.3.2 matplotlib-3.5.1 packaging-21.3 pillow-8.4.0 pyparsing-3.0.6 wordcloud-1.8.1
ataola@ataola-ubuntu:~$4, Use
Enter Python and do whatever you want
ataola@ataola-ubuntu:~$ python Python 3.8.1 (default, Dec 11 2021, 19:38:06) [GCC 9.3.0] on linux Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. >>> import this The Zen of Python, by Tim Peters Beautiful is better than ugly. Explicit is better than implicit. Simple is better than complex. Complex is better than complicated. Flat is better than nested. Sparse is better than dense. Readability counts. Special cases aren't special enough to break the rules. Although practicality beats purity. Errors should never pass silently. Unless explicitly silenced. In the face of ambiguity, refuse the temptation to guess. There should be one-- and preferably only one --obvious way to do it. Although that way may not be obvious at first unless you're Dutch. Now is better than never. Although never is often better than *right* now. If the implementation is hard to explain, it's a bad idea. If the implementation is easy to explain, it may be a good idea. Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those! >>>
python, that is, there are many package libraries. Sometimes we may expect the combination of a and b to do an experiment or development. Sometimes we expect the combination of a and c, so we recommend you use virtualenv
# Install virtualenv pip install virtualenv # Create project file and enter mkdir play-py-a && cd play-py-a ## Create virtual environment python -m venv venv
Details are as follows:
ataola@ataola-ubuntu:~/play-py-a/venv/bin$ ls activate activate.csh activate.fish Activate.ps1 easy_install easy_install-3.8 pip pip3 pip3.8 python python3 python3.8 ataola@ataola-ubuntu:~/play-py-a/venv/bin$ pwd /home/ataola/play-py-a/venv/bin ataola@ataola-ubuntu:~/play-py-a/venv/bin$ See here for details, https://virtualenv.pypa.io/en/latest/